【Abstract】 Refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria （CSU） is clinically common and poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to resistance to standard or doubled doses of H1 antihistamines or their combination therapies. Current guidelines or consensus statements on urticaria have not met the needs for high-quality standardized management of refractory CSU, highlighting the necessity for specific guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, a guideline working group was established by the Chinese Society of Dermatology and the China Dermatologist Association, and consisted of 29 leading experts in urticaria research in China. Through a comprehensive review and evaluation of existing Chinese and international evidence-based data, and consideration of the situation in China, this guideline was formulated after multiple rounds of deliberation, aiming to provide guidance on the diagnosis and treatment of refractory CSU and to guide clinical practice.

【Abstract】 To enhance clinicians′ understanding of pigmented nevi and standardize their diagnosis and treatment, a group of experts from the Skin Cancer Research Group, Committee on Dermatology, Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine, the Melanoma Society of China Anti-Cancer Association and the Society of Integrated Rehabilitation of Skin Tumors, China Anti-Cancer Association, adhering to the principles of evidence-based medicine, integrated the latest Chinese and international guidelines, consensuses, and existing research findings to formulate the expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of pigmented nevi （2025 edition） through two rounds of intensive revisions and discussions. This consensus covers various types of pigmented nevi, including common acquired pigmented nevi, congenital pigmented nevi, recurrent pigmented nevi, and pigmented nevi in special populations （children, pregnant women）, and offers detailed recommendations on the key points for the diagnosis and treatment of these types of pigmented nevi, aiming to provide a reference for the standardized diagnosis, treatment, and management of pigmented nevi.

【Abstract】 Acne vulgaris （abbreviated as acne） is a common aesthetic-impairing dermatological disease that markedly affects appearance, and is characterized by diverse clinical manifestations. At present, there are various grading systems for acne severity, while there is still a lack of unified standards for objectively assessing disease severity to guide treatment selection and scientifically evaluating the efficacy of acne therapies, which are also highly concerned issues for clinicians. To address this, the Acne Study Group of China Dermatologist Association, the Dermatology Professional Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association, and the Acne Study Group of Dermatology and Venereology Professional Committee of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine organized a group of experts in the field of acne diagnosis and treatment in China to develop the "Chinese expert consensus on clinical severity grading and therapeutic evaluation of acne vulgaris" after extensive discussions, aiming to provide a reference for dermatologists in clinical practice.

【Abstract】 Bullous pemphigoid （BP） is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering skin disease that primarily affects the elderly. Clinically, it is characterized by tense blisters and bullae on the local or whole body skin, which can be life-threatening in some patients. The pathogenesis of BP is closely related to anti-BP180 and anti-BP230 antibodies, which cause BP through pathways such as complement activation systems and non-complement systems. This consensus covers clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, treatment options, and management of comorbidities associated with BP, with a particular emphasis on the importance of individualized treatment. In terms of diagnosis, a comprehensive approach integrating clinical manifestations, histopathological features, direct immunofluorescence and serological testing results is proposed to improve diagnostic accuracy. In terms of treatment, in addition to traditional glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents, new drugs such as biological agents are also recommended, and individualized treatment regimens are formulated according to the disease severity. Additionally, the consensus also pays attention to the management of BP-related comorbidities such as diabetes, kidney disease, and malignant tumors, providing comprehensive guidance for clinicians to improve the treatment outcomes and quality of life of BP patients.

【Abstract】 Topical medications form the cornerstone of atopic dermatitis （AD） treatment, and their standardized application is crucial for optimizing therapeutic efficacy and reducing the incidence of adverse reactions. Developed by a multidisciplinary expert team, this consensus is meticulously crafted based on evidence-based medicine for AD, Chinese and international guidelines, and expert clinical experience, and is closely tailored to the disease characteristics of Chinese AD patients. The consensus systematically outlines the application principles of classic and emerging topical agents, emphasizes strategies of stepwise therapy and proactive maintenance treatment, and establishes specific medication protocols for special anatomical sites and vulnerable populations. Aiming to provide clinicians with systematic, scientific, and standardized medication guidance, this consensus seeks to enhance the overall management of AD.

【Abstract】 Port-wine stain （PWS） is the most common type of low-flow capillary malformations in children. PWS often occurs after birth with a predilection for the face and neck, seriously affecting the physical and mental health of patients and the quality of life of their families. Compared with adults, children are in a growth and development stage. PWS-related syndromes can affect extracutaneous organs, but may only present with mild erythema in the early stage, and is liable to result in misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis. Therefore, early recognition is particularly important. Based on the latest Chinese and international research progress and through extensive discussions, the Consensus Development Expert Group on Diagnosis and Treatment of PWS in Chinese Children formulated the consensus on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of, as well as health education for PWS in children, aiming to provide guidance for clinicians on the diagnosis and treatment of PWS.

【Abstract】 Dermatitis and eczematous diseases are the most common group of diseases in dermatology. Currently, aside from atopic dermatitis, standardized clinical guidelines on the diagnosis and management of dermatitis and eczematous diseases remain lacking in China. Based on the “Expert consensus on standardized diagnostic terminology of dermatitis and eczematous diseases”, the Chinese Society of Dermatology and the China Dermatologist Association convened experts to develop the guidelines in accordance with the Delphi method. The guidelines address the clinical classification and characteristics of these conditions, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to localized and generalized eczematous lesions, and principles of classified treatment, in order to further update the understanding of dermatitis and eczematous diseases and to provide guidance on standardized clinical diagnosis and treatment for dermatologists.

【Abstract】 Localized scleroderma （LS） is a rare skin disorder characterized by fibrosis in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues. In severe cases, it can affect patients′ appearance, physical function, and quality of life. Currently, there is a lack of Chinese guidelines or consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of LS, leading to variability in clinical practice. To enhance dermatologists′ understanding of LS and standardize its diagnosis and management, the Chinese Society of Dermatology and the China Dermatologist Association organized a panel of leading experts in the field of dermatology to develop a consensus through systematic literature review and integration of recent Chinese and international research advances. The consensus comprehensively summarized the clinical subtypes, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnoses, and assessment methods of LS, as well as treatment strategies for LS, aiming to provide evidence-based guidance for standardizing the clinical management of LS in China.

cover and contents

【Abstract】 Topical minoxidil has been applied to the treatment of androgenetic alopecia （AGA） in clinical practice for a long time, but some problems still exist, such as unsatisfactory efficacy or poor tolerance. Currently, oral minoxidil is only indicated as second- or third-line therapy for hypertension, but growing evidence has supported the off-label use of low-dose oral minoxidil for the treatment of AGA. This review summarizes possible mechanisms and clinical application of low-dose oral minoxidil in the treatment of AGA.

【Abstract】 Currently, topical glucocorticoids are still the first-line treatment of chronic hand eczema, while systematic treatment is required for moderate to severe chronic hand eczema with no response to topical corticosteroids. Traditional treatments include glucocorticoids, antihistamines, retinoids, immunosuppressants, etc. In recent years, some progress has been made in the treatment of chronic hand eczema with Janus kinase inhibitors, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors, biological agents, statins, timolol, daylight photodynamic therapy, etc. This review summarizes recent advances in the treatment of chronic hand eczema, including basic therapy, topical treatment, physical therapy and systemic therapy.

【Abstract】 Apremilast is the first oral targeted small-molecule drug approved for the treatment of psoriasis in China. Due to mechanisms underlying the specific regulatory effect of apremilast on the balance of inflammation via targeting phosphodiesterase 4, it has been widely used for the treatment of various types of psoriasis. Many studies have confirmed that apremilast is effective in the treatment of mild to severe plaque psoriasis, psoriasis in special areas, psoriatic arthritis, palmoplantar pustulosis, and pediatric psoriasis, with good safety and tolerability profiles. Based on the pharmacological mechanisms of apremilast and clinical data on the treatment of psoriasis, the Committee on Psoriasis, Chinese Society of Dermatology convened relevant experts to develop this proposal to ensure the standardized, reasonable, safe and effective use of apremilast in the treatment of psoriasis.

【Abstract】 Pyoderma gangrenosum （PG） is a rare neutrophilic dermatosis. Its most common clinical manifestation is the occult development of ulcers in normal or traumatized skin. PG is often associated with other systemic diseases. Early diagnosis and standardized treatment are crucial for managing PG and its associated comorbidities. Currently, there are no relevant diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines or consensus in China. Based on the latest Chinese and international research progress and international guidelines, the Chinese Society of Dermatology and the China Dermatologist Association organized experts in the relevant fields to develop this consensus using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation （GRADE） approach and the Delphi method. This consensus focuses on the diagnostic criteria, severity assessment, and treatment strategies for PG, with the aim of providing guidance on the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of PG in China.

【Abstract】 Cancer treatment-related cutaneous adverse events （TRCAEs） are critical issues that significantly affect patients′ quality of life and treatment adherence. Approximately two-thirds of cancer patients develop at least one type of TRCAE within 3 months of therapy, and about one-third discontinue treatment as a result. In response, experts from the Committee on Skin Disease and Cosmetic Dermatology, China Association of Medical Equipment, the Patient Education Expert Committee, Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology, and other related fields jointly developed the “Chinese expert consensus on multidisciplinary management of cancer treatment-related cutaneous adverse events （2026 edition）”. This consensus pioneers a multidisciplinary team framework integrating oncology, dermatology, nursing, and pharmacy. It establishes standardized tiered interventions and evidence-based management strategies for 7 major categories of TRCAEs, encompassing prevention, basic care, pharmacotherapy, and traditional Chinese medicine. Special attention is given to individualized treatment adjustments and nursing guidance for specific patient populations. Furthermore, the consensus emphasizes the importance of patient education and explores the adjunctive application of dermocosmetics. This consensus aims to offer evidence-based, standardized guidance for clinical practice, thereby helping to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

【Abstract】 Hereditary angioedema （HAE） is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary disorder mediated by bradykinin and characterized by recurrent skin and/or mucosal edema. HAE attacks commonly affect the skin, upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. Laryngeal edema in HAE patients carries a high mortality rate. Enhancing dermatologists′ ability to diagnose and treat HAE can significantly improve patient outcomes. This consensus was developed based on Chinese and international high-quality literature in recent years and clinical experience of 19 dermatological experts in China, aiming to provide standardized diagnosis and treatment pathway for HAE.

【Abstract】 Cholinergic urticaria （CholU） is a special type of chronic inducible urticaria characterized by transient, needle-sized wheals and erythema with stinging pain and/or itching, precipitated by increased core body temperature as a result of exercise or passive heating. Some cases were accompanied by angioedema, which seriously affects their quality of life. The pathogenesis of CholU involves sweat allergy and atopic diathesis, increased histamine release in sweat and the influence of Malassezia, decreased cholinergic receptors in hypohidrotic areas, decreased expression of cholinesterase, serum factors and autoantibodies, etc. Standard-dose and updosed second generation H1-antihistamines are the first-line therapy for CholU. For refractory CholU patients with normal sweating, biological agents, sweat desensitization and other therapies could be further chosen, while patients with severe hypohidrosis could be further treated with glucocorticoid pulse therapy and so on. This review summarizes the pathogenesis, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of CholU from the perspective of the role of sweat in the pathogenesis of CholU.

【Abstract】 The interleukin-36 pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory skin diseases, including generalized pustular psoriasis （GPP）. Anti-interleukin-36R monoclonal antibodies, represented by spesolimab, provide more therapeutic options for GPP and other inflammatory skin diseases. The Chinese Society of Dermatology, the China Dermatologist Association, and other institutions convened experts in the relevant field to develop this consensus to provide recommendations on the indications, treatment regimens, and safety management of spesolimab in inflammatory skin diseases, such as GPP, localized pustular psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, pyoderma gangrenosum, acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, with the aim of guiding its clinical application. The application of spesolimab in special populations such as pediatric, pregnant, and elderly patients requires further clinical evidence. Future studies should focus on the long-term efficacy and safety of spesolimab in the treatment of GPP, and explore its potential in treating inflammatory skin diseases, particularly refractory neutrophilic dermatoses.

【Abstract】 Scabies is a common infectious dermatosis caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, and mainly transmitted by direct skin contact. It occurs predominantly in children and the elderly. Clinically, it is divided into common scabies, crusted scabies, nodular scabies, bullous scabies, and nail scabies. Detection of scabies mites, eggs and fecal pellets on skin scraping is still the gold standard for the diagnosis of scabies, but several non-invasive techniques, such as dermoscopy, have become common methods. On dermoscopy, a dark-brown triangular structure （representing the anterior part of the mite） with its linear burrows, known as the “jet with contrail sign”, is pathognomonic for scabies. In 2020, the International Alliance for the Control of Scabies recommended three levels （confirmed scabies, clinical scabies and suspected scabies） of diagnostic certainty. Common scabies is usually treated with topical scabicides, of which permethrin is the first-line treatment, and benzyl benzoate and sulfur are the second line choice. A combined regimen of oral ivermectin with topical permethrin and keratolytics is the first-line therapy for crusted scabies.

【Abstract】 Lichen planopilaris （LPP） and frontal fibrosing alopecia （FFA） are the two most common types of primary lymphocytic cicatricial alopecia in clinical practice, but their treatment poses significant challenges. These conditions are characterized by the replacement of hair follicle-sebaceous gland units with fibrous tissues, leading to irreversible destruction of hair follicles and ultimately resulting in scarring of the follicles. In recent years, with a deepened understanding of these two diseases, new treatment options have emerged in addition to traditional topical medications and systemic oral drugs, including novel topical small molecule drugs such as Janus kinase inhibitors. Based on the latest Chinese and international consensus as well as current clinical practice in China, the Hair Research Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology organized experts to develop a consensus on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examinations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of LPP and FFA after thorough discussions, aiming to further standardize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of these two conditions and provide a more scientific and authoritative reference.

【Abstract】 Rosacea is a kind of recurrent inflammatory skin disease that predominantly occurs on the face, significantly impacting the physical and mental health of patients. Properly guiding patients to understand rosacea, avoid potential triggers, and receive standardized treatment and skincare are important measures for effectively controlling the condition and preventing disease recurrence. Therefore, how to guide clinicians to provide patient education in a scientific, rational, and standardized way is particularly important. In order to enhance the awareness among Chinese clinicians regarding the importance of patient education for rosacea and to form unified and standardized guidance principles, the Chinese Society of Dermatology, the China Dermatologist Association, the Combination of Traditional and Western Medicine Dermatology, and the Chinese Non-Government Dermatologist Institutions Association organized Chinese experts focused on rosacea to develop a consensus based on the current status and advances in Chinese and international research. This consensus provides guidance on how clinicians can guide patients to correctly understand the disease, identify and reasonably avoid various triggers, receive standardized pharmacotherapy and laser/light therapies, and address psychological states and comorbidities. Additionally, expert recommendations were formulated through the Delphi method for clinical reference.

【Abstract】 Alopecia areata （AA） is an autoimmune-mediated, hair follicle-targeting, inflammatory, non-scarring hair loss. The treatment of severe AA has long been a focus and challenge. Currently, novel therapeutic agents, such as Janus kinase （JAK） inhibitors, have been increasingly employed in the treatment of severe AA. This review provides an overview of new small-molecule targeted drugs and biologics for AA.

【Abstract】 Psoriasis is a chronic, recurrent, systemic, inflammatory disease. Over the past 20 years, with the development and application of biologics targeting tumor necrosis factor （TNF） or TNF receptors, interleukin-17A （IL-17A） or IL-17A receptors, IL-23, and others, significant progress has been made in the treatment of psoriasis. However, recurrence remains a major challenge in the management of psoriasis after discontinuation of biologic therapy or during maintenance treatment. This review summarizes the recurrence of psoriasis following biologic treatment and proposes comprehensive management recommendations to prevent its recurrence.

【Abstract】 Ultraviolet exposure may promote the development of androgenetic alopecia. On the one hand, ultraviolet irradiation can cause perifollicular inflammation through oxidative stress and microecological changes, and can also induce keratinocytes, melanocytes and mast cells to participate in the development of follicular microinflammation; on the other hand, ultraviolet irradiation can cause the aging of hair follicle stem cells, dermal papilla cells and dermal fibroblasts, as well as the increase of elastic fibers. This review summarizes relevant literature in recent years, in order to provide a theoretical basis for advocating protection of the hair and scalp against sunlight to prevent androgenetic alopecia.

【Abstract】 The etiology and pathogenesis of melanoma are not fully elucidated. Recent studies have shown that circadian rhythm disruption can reconstruct the immune microenvironment of melanoma, and affect DNA repair, melanin synthesis and other processes, and may be an important step in the occurrence and development of melanoma. In addition, mutations in circadian clock genes can also increase the genetic susceptibility to melanoma. This review focuses on mechanisms underlying the regulation of circadian rhythm in the occurrence and development of melanoma, and new progress in melanoma treatment, providing a completely new perspective for the prevention and treatment of melanoma.

【Abstract】 Diaper dermatitis is a common skin disease in infants and young children, which can cause discomfort, increase the care burden, and add to family stress. Currently, there is no evidence-based guideline on either traditional Chinese medicine or Western medicine for the prevention and treatment of diaper dermatitis in infants and young children. A multidisciplinary expert group was set up by the Professional Committee on Child Health and Drug Research of the Chinese Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Eleven clinical questions were identified through expert interviews and consensus conferences, in terms of risk factors, clinical manifestations, examinations, differential diagnoses, severity assessment, principles and goals of prevention and treatment, diagnosis and treatment strategies, and preventive measures. A systematic search was conducted for Chinese and English literature on the diagnosis, assessment, treatment, and prevention of diaper dermatitis in infants and young children, which was graded and evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Recommendations were finalized through the Delphi and expert consensus methods. This guideline proposes a total of 17 recommendations and clarifies the timing and advantages of the traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine interventions. This evidence-based guideline provides scientific recommendations on the prevention and treatment of diaper dermatitis in infants and young children using the integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine interventions for healthcare providers （including practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine） at all levels of hospitals, as well as for the families of affected children.

【Abstract】 Biologic therapies have been successfully applied in the treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, however, unique phenomena of immunophenotypic switching have also been constantly reported. This review summarizes the current status and mechanisms of immunophenotypic switching among patients with psoriasis or atopic dermatitis during the treatment with biologics, in order to promote the full understanding of this new abnormal immune reaction.

【Abstract】 Photobiomodulation refers to the use of different non-ionizing light sources to exert non-photothermal effects on the regulation of cellular activity for therapeutic purposes. Photobiomodulation depends on the absorption of photons by molecular photoreceptors or intracellular chromophores, and monochromatic light at different wavelengths plays different regulatory roles in the skin. This review summarizes research progress in the mechanisms and clinical application of photobiomodulation in dermatology.

【Abstract】 Syphilis is a chronic systemic sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum. With the sustained increase in the global incidence of syphilis, a rising trend in latent syphilis has also been observed. This review summarizes the research progress in the epidemiological characteristics, infectivity, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of latent syphilis.

【Abstract】 Stem cells are a kind of cells with the ability of self-renewal and differentiation, which can differentiate into melanocytes to fill the areas of pigment loss in damaged skin, fight against the apoptosis of melanocytes caused by autoimmunity and oxidative stress damage, and improve repigmentation rates in combination with traditional therapies. Studies have shown significant efficacy of stem cell therapy in the repigmentation of vitiligo. This review summarizes the latest advances in the basic and clinical research on the application of stem cells in the treatment of vitiligo.

【Abstract】 The etiology and pathogenesis of melasma have not been fully elucidated. This article summarizes the recent research progress on melasma, explores the roles of photoaging, skin barrier dysfunction, mast cell activation, sex hormone fluctuations, and circadian rhythm disturbances in its pathogenesis, with the aim of providing new directions for its clinical prevention and treatment. With a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of melasma, future therapeutic strategies are expected to shift from solely addressing skin pigmentation to comprehensive approaches involving anti-photoaging therapies and skin repair interventions.

【Abstract】 Psoriasis is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory systemic disease that often coexists with various comorbidities, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and psychiatric disorders, significantly impacting patients' physical and mental health. Proactively managing psoriasis comorbidities is of great importance for standardizing diagnostic and treatment pathways and improving clinical outcomes. Based on previous Chinese and international guidelines, clinical consensus, and the latest research advancements, this consensus systematically summarizes the management strategies for psoriasis with comorbidities, provides an in-depth elucidation of the treatment, prevention, and rehabilitation of psoriasis comorbidities, aiming to offer a scientific reference to healthcare professionals involved in psoriasis diagnosis and treatment in China.

【Abstract】 Objective To investigate clinical features and non-invasive skin imaging findings of acquired facial hyperpigmented macules in children. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical characteristics of children with acquired facial hyperpigmented macules diagnosed in the Outpatient Department of Dermatology, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from January 2020 to June 2023. Reflectance confocal microscopy and dermoscopy were performed to observe lesions and perilesional normal skin, and summarize the imaging findings. Results A total of 131 children with acquired facial hyperpigmented macules were collected, including 88 males and 43 females; their ages ranged from 2 to 25 months, the age at onset was 11.50 ± 7.15 months, and the disease duration was 6.50 ± 4.66 months. The lesions were distributed in the temporal and/or frontal regions, mostly measuring 4 to 10 mm in length, and they mainly manifested as non-confluent irregular brown or brownish-red hyperpigmented macules, without scales on the surface. The total number of lesions was less than 10 in 19 cases （14.50%）, between 10 and 20 in 75 cases （57.25%）, and more than 20 in 37 cases （28.24%）. Reflectance confocal microscopy revealed no elongation of the rete ridges, but mild increased pigmentation in the basal layer, slight vascular dilatation in the dermal papilla and superficial dermis, and scattered melanophages and inflammatory cell infiltration in some lesions. Dermoscopy showed pigment networks with varying color darkness, which were distributed along the dermatoglyphs, and mixed with linear or punctate vessels. Conclusions Acquired facial hyperpigmented macules is a common skin disease occurring in infants and young children, and is characterized by typical lesions by reflectance confocal microscopy and dermoscopy. Histopathological examination may be unnecessary for its diagnosis, and skin imaging techniques can help improve diagnostic accuracy.

【Abstract】 Melasma is an acquired pigmentation disorder with complex pathogenesis. In addition to the dysfunction of melanocytes, the imbalance of the microenvironment, particularly the multicellular interactions among keratinocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, mast cells, and sebocytes, also contributes to the progression of melasma. This review summarizes relevant research progress on melanocytes and their microenvironment in the pathogenesis of melasma, as well as advances in the treatment of melasma.

【Abstract】 Uncommon types of dermatophytoses have garnered increasing clinical attention. These conditions primarily include dermatophyte infections occurring in special populations （such as tinea capitis in adults, infants, and young children, as well as onychomycosis in minors）, infections involving special anatomical sites （such as tinea of vellus hair and genital dermatophytoses）, infections caused by uncommon or drug-resistant dermatophytes （e.g., Trichophyton indotineae）, and deep dermatophytoses associated with host immunocompromise or trauma （such as Majocchi′s granuloma, dermatophyte pseudomycetoma, and deep or disseminated dermatophytoses）. Clinically, these uncommon dermatophytoses often exhibit distinct characteristics in epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment, are prone to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis, and remain treatment challenges due to the absence of standardized diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. To address these gaps, the Mycology Group of Chinese Dermatovenerology Society of Integrative Medicine and the Infection Group of Chinese Preventive Medicine Association Professional Committee on Prevention and Control of Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases convened a panel of experts to develop this expert consensus to address key issues regarding the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of these uncommon types of dermatophytoses, aiming to provide scientific and standardized guidance for clinical practice.

【Abstract】 Systemic lupus erythematosus is a complex autoimmune disease predominantly affecting young women, and can involve multiple organs and systems. In 2024, significant advancements have been made in the research on systemic lupus erythematosus, particularly in the aspects of pathogenesis and treatment. This review summarizes the major progress achieved in these aspects.

【Abstract】 With the deepening understanding of the pathogenesis of psoriasis, small-molecule drugs targeting the key Janus kinase （JAK）-tyrosine kinase （TYK）2 pathway have gained increasing interest. TYK2-related pathways play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, while they are not involved in modulating broad biological effects, making them one of the potential therapeutic targets for the efficient and safe treatment of psoriasis. How to improve the selectivity and specificity of TYK2 inhibitors to minimize adverse reactions associated with the inhibition of other pathways has been one of the key directions for development of drugs targeting TYK2 in recent years. This review summarizes the role of TYK2 pathway in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, the modes of action of TYK2 inhibitors （competitive or allosteric inhibition）, and the latest clinical research progress.

【Abstract】 In recent years, a variety of small-molecule targeted drugs and biological agents have shown promising efficacy and good safety for alopecia areata in clinical studies. Several targeted drugs have been approved for the treatment of moderate to severe pediatric alopecia areata in China and other countries. This review summarizes the recent progress in the application of these drugs for pediatric alopecia areata.