【Abstract】 Chronic pruritus is a common symptom of various diseases, causing severe negative impacts on patients′ quality of life. Due to its complex pathogenesis, etiological diagnosis and treatment are often challenging. To improve the understanding of chronic pruritus among Chinese clinicians and to standardize diagnosis and therapeutic practices, the China Dermatologist Association organized experts in China to update the classification, etiology, and pathogenesis of chronic pruritus based on the "Guidelines for the Management of Chronic Pruritus （2018 edition）" , current research status and progress in China and other countries, as well as extensive consultation with experts in China through the Delphi method, aiming to provide expert opinions and evidence-based medical guidance on the etiological diagnosis and treatment of chronic pruritus.

【Abstract】 Vitiligo is a common autoimmune skin disease, currently believed to be caused by autoreactive T cell-mediated destruction of melanocytes in the skin, mucous membranes, or hair follicles, which can significantly induce psychological distress in patients. The consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of vitiligo （2024 version） was formulated by the Pigmentary Disorder Group, Combination of Traditional and Western Medicine Dermatology, etc., based on the latest international research progress in the diagnosis and treatment of vitiligo and actual situation in China. This version of consensus highlights early intervention, integrative therapy, application of JAK inhibitors in vitiligo, and provides future research directions, aiming to guide the treatment of vitiligo.

【Abstract】 Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation is a hyperpigmentation disorder following skin inflammation or damage caused by various endogenous and exogenous factors, which may result in emotional distress and social difficulties in patients. The Group on Medical Aesthetics and Cosmetology of Chinese Academy of Aesthetic Medicine organized experts in this field to develop this consensus in terms of the epidemiological characteristics, etiology and pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, prevention, and treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, aiming to provide guidance for its prevention and treatment.

【Abstract】 The treatment of psoriasis has entered an era of targeted therapy, and the application of biologics and small-molecule drugs has markedly improved the quality of life of patients, especially in the treatment of moderate to severe, refractory, and special types of psoriasis. In China, biologics that have been approved for marketing and used in the treatment of psoriasis include 9 agents belonging to 5 major categories, namely tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors, interleukin-12/23 inhibitors, interleukin-23 inhibitors, interleukin-17A inhibitors, and interleukin-36 inhibitors; small-molecule drugs include 4 drugs belonging to 2 categories that inhibit different steps in the inflammatory cytokine pathways, namely phosphodiesterase 4 and Janus kinases （including tyrosine kinase 2）. How to use biologics and small-molecule drugs in a rational, effective and safe way has become an issue of great concern in clinical practice. To this end, experts in the field of diagnosis and treatment of psoriasis and related fields in China developed this guideline based on Chinese and international research data, clinical experience, as well as characteristics of Chinese patients with psoriasis after in-depth discussions. This guideline provides specific guidance for clinicians in terms of application principles and methods of major biologics and small-molecule drugs, efficacy and safety profiles, patient screening and monitoring, common problems and solutions, as well as considerations for their application in special populations.

【Abstract】 Atopic dermatitis （AD） is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease that seriously affects patients' quality of life, and its incidence has shown an increasing trend in recent years. As one of the triggering factors of AD, allergens can lead to the recurrence or exacerbation of AD. Allergen-specific IgE （sIgE） tests can guide the long-term management of AD patients by identifying allergens. There are still many problems regarding the application of sIgE tests in AD clinical practice. Based on current Chinese and international guidelines and relevant research evidence, this consensus summarizes the clinical value of sIgE tests for AD patients and provides 9 recommendations on patient selection, selection of test methods and items, result interpretation, and some considerations, providing the standard principles for the application of sIgE tests in the diagnosis and treatment of AD in clinical practice in China.

【Abstract】 Pemphigus is a group of rare and severe autoimmune bullous diseases characterized by blisters, bullae, and erosions on the skin and/or mucous membranes. With the deep understanding of pemphigus and continuous update of treatment methods, it is necessary to formulate guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pemphigus in China. Hence, a guideline working group was established by relevant academic organizations. Based on available evidence in China and other countries, as well as China's national conditions, 12 clinical issues that need to be urgently solved were proposed and 30 recommendations were formulated on the diagnosis and treatment of pemphigus after multiple rounds of demonstration and selection, aiming to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of pemphigus and to guide clinical practice.

【Abstract】 In recent years, research on pruritus in the elderly has progressed rapidly, deepening the understanding of this condition. In order to standardize the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of pruritus in the elderly, experts from the Chinese Association Rehabilitation of Dermatology, and the Working Group on Geriatric Dermatology, Combination of Traditional and Western Medicine Dermatology organized relevant experts and formulated an expert consensus on the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of pruritus in the elderly （2025 edition） based on the latest Chinese and international research advancements, with a particular focus on evidence-based medicine. This consensus aims to provide recommendations to address clinical problems, alleviate or eliminate patients′ symptoms and improve their quality of life.

【Abstract】 Adverse skin reactions to cosmetics refer to local lesions or systemic damage involving the skin, mucosa, appendages and other tissues caused by the use of cosmetics. With the increasing variety and widespread use of cosmetics, the incidence of adverse skin reactions have been rising with increasing types of diseases and diverse clinical characteristics. To strengthen the understanding of adverse reactions to cosmetics, the guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of adverse skin reactions to cosmetics （2018 edition） was updated and revised by relevant experts based on literature search and evaluation, discussion, demonstration meetings, opinion solicitation, and other procedures, aiming to standardize clinical diagnosis and treatment of adverse skin reactions to cosmetics, as well as safety monitoring of cosmetics.

【Abstract】 Extramammary Paget′s disease （EMPD） is a rare and easily misdiagnosed cutaneous malignancy, which is usually confined to the epidermis and can also infiltrate the dermis in the early stage, and presents with lymph node and distant metastases in the advanced stage. EMPD mostly affects the areas rich in apocrine glands, including the scrotum, penis, and vulva, as well as perianal, inguinal and axillary regions. It typically presents as infiltrative erythema or plaques, some of which are accompanied by scales and erosions. Before the treatment, comprehensively assessing the staging of patients is necessary due to the treatment options depending on the tumor stages. Based on the latest international guidelines and clinical research findings, and taking into account the current status of diagnosis and treatment in China, experts reached a consensus on the first- and second-line treatments and novel treatments according to the staging of EMPD, providing a basis for standardizing the treatment of EMPD.

【Abstract】 Cutaneous tuberculosis is a chronic infectious skin disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. It has various clinical manifestations and is difficult to be accurately diagnosed. Delayed diagnosis may lead to serious damage to the skin and soft tissues. The diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical, pathological, and laboratory findings. A long‐course combination antibiotic therapy is commonly needed for the treatment of cutaneous tuberculosis, and early standardized diagnosis and treatment are the key to ensuring a good prognosis. This expert consensus was developed based on Chinese and international literature and guidelines on cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculosis, aiming to standardize the diagnostic procedure and improve the treatment outcomes of cutaneous tuberculosis.

【Abstract】 With the progress in dermatology in recent decades, some new biologic agents and small-molecule targeted drugs have been approved for the treatment of skin diseases, and have showed favorable therapeutic effect, especially in the treatment of complex and refractory dermatoses. However, how to apply targeted therapy reasonably, effectively and safely in the treatment of skin diseases has become a matter of great concern in clinical practice. To this end, the Committee on Skin Disease and Cosmetic Dermatology, China Association of Medical Equipment organized relevant experts to formulate this consensus through multiple in-depth discussions and revisions based on Chinese and international research data, clinical guidelines and consensus, as well as characteristics of Chinese patients. According to the classification of diseases, specific guidance was provided in this consensus for clinicians regarding the clinical application principles and treatment protocols of biologic agents and small-molecule targeted drugs.

【Abstract】 Erythrodermic psoriasis is a special type of psoriasis, characterized by diffuse erythema, infiltration, swelling and excessive desquamation throughout the body. It is often accompanied by systemic symptoms, leading to serious disease condition, and it is easy to relapse. Based on the latest Chinese and international guidelines and consensus, and combined with the current status of diagnosis and treatment in China, the expert committee established this consensus that focused on the etiology and pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of erythrodermic psoriasis, aiming to further standardize the diagnosis and treatment patterns of erythrodermic psoriasis, and provide a more scientific and authoritative reference for its diagnosis and treatment in China.

【Abstract】 Psoriasis is an immune-mediated, chronic, inflammatory and systemic disease that can occur at any age and has a profound impact on patients′ quality of life. Interleukin-17A is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Secukinumab is a fully human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody. It is approved in China for the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis in patients aged 6 years or older, active psoriatic arthritis in adults and ankylosing spondylitis in adults. Since its launch, a large amount of real‐world data on the efficacy and safety has been accumulated in China. To standardize the use of secukinumab in the long‐term management of psoriasis, a systematic review of the literature on the long-term efficacy and safety of secukinumab as well as its treatment strategies and use in special populations was conducted, and an expert consensus was proposed.

【Abstract】 Atopic dermatitis （AD） is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. In recent years, with the development and application of targeted drugs, the treatment of AD is entering the era of individualization. Stratification of patients based on different dimensions can help realize individualized treatment, but currently there is a lack of stratification strategies for individualized treatment of AD. Therefore, the consensus on stratified individualized systemic treatment for moderate to severe AD was formulated by experts from the Immunology Group, Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Dermatology Professional Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Society, based on the latest research progress in AD in China and other countries as well as experts′ clinical practice experience. The consensus encompasses the individualized comprehensive assessment, systemic therapeutic drugs, selection of therapeutic options according to different dimensions, and the mode of systemic treatment of AD, aiming to guide clinical individualized medication.

【Abstract】 Tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α inhibitors have become an important choice for patients with chronic inflammatory diseases who are intolerant or poorly responsive to conventional therapies. Studies have shown that psoriasis can develop or be exacerbated in 2% - 5% of patients treated with TNF-α inhibitors, and this phenomenon is called paradoxical psoriasis. Paradoxical psoriasis and classic psoriasis have similar clinical manifestations, but different immunological mechanisms. This review summarizes the pathogenesis, clinicopathological features and management of paradoxical psoriasis, and provides an overview of paradoxical psoriasis following the application of other common biological agents.

【Abstract】 Drug-resistant dermatophyte infections are a hotspot issue in the fields of clinical microbiology and dermatology. Cases of antifungal-resistant dermatophyte infections have emerged in China, predicting a risk of transmission among humans. Based on the existing medical evidence and research data, the Mycology Group of Combination of Traditional and Western Medicine Dermatology and Chinese Antifungal-Resistant Dermatophytosis Expert Consensus Group organized experts to make recommendations and develop the consensus on the pathogenicity, epidemiology, identification, in vitro drug susceptibility test of antifungal resistance dermatophytes, and the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of the infections. Further, complete diagnosis and treatment recommendations were made in the consensus, aiming to provide a scientific reference for the clinical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of drug-resistant dermatophyte infections in China.

【Abstract】 In recent years, great progress has been made in the research on the pathogenesis of pruritus, and many new targeted therapeutic drugs have been developed, mainly including small-molecule drugs or biological agents targeting signal transduction pathways involved in the pathogenesis of pruritus, such as neurokinin-1 receptor, tropomyosin-related kinase A, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, transient receptor potential melastatin 8 channels, interleukin 31, etc. Some of these drugs have shown good efficacy and safety in the treatment of pruritus in a variety of skin diseases, providing more options for patients with pruritus, especially those who are resistant to traditional drug treatment. This review summarizes research progress in the above small-molecule drugs and biological agents targeting signaling pathways involved in pruritus, in order to provide more options for pruritus treatment.

【Abstract】 Atopic dermatitis （AD） is a common chronic inflammatory disease that often coexists with atopic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that AD is associated with various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, and mental disorders, which exacerbate the disease burden on patients with AD and severely affect their quality of life. This review summarizes AD-associated comorbidities reported in previous literature, analyzes their possible common pathogenesis, and explores potential treatments.

【Abstract】 Port-wine stain（PWS）is a congenital and progressive capillary malformation characterized by structural abnormalities of intradermal capillaries and postcapillary venules. The visible skin manifestations on the face and neck are often considered a disfigurement, and the accompanying social stigma often causes serious emotional and physical impact. As a new treatment for PWS, photodynamic therapy（PDT） mediated by hemoporfin, also known as hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether（HMME）, has shown good safety and efficacy, and is one of the most promising strategies for the treatment of PWS. Since 2017, HMME-PDT has been widely used for the treatment of PWS. To further standardize the clinical application of HMME-PDT, experts in the consensus group developed this consensus based on the latest research achievements and extensive discussions, so as to provide guidance for clinicians.

【Abstract】 In recent years, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been applied more and more widely in tumor treatment, and reports on psoriasis induced or exacerbated by these drugs have emerged continuously. This review summarizes and evaluates targeted therapeutic drugs and immunotherapeutic drugs that allegedly induce or aggravate psoriasis according to their targets and possible mechanisms, including programmed death receptor 1 inhibitors, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 inhibitors, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ inhibitors and multi-targeted drugs. In most cases, the relationships between drugs and the occurrence of psoriasis are possible or probable, and in only a few cases the causality is certain.

【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the recent epidemic trends and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of gonorrhea in China, and to provide a reference for precise prevention and control of gonorrhea. Methods Data on reported cases of gonorrhea in China （not including Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan regions of China） were collected from the Infectious Diseases Surveillance System of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System from 2018 to 2023. The trends in reported incidence rates of gonorrhea in China were analyzed using the Joinpoint regression model. Global spatial autocorrelation analysis with the Moran′s index and global G-statistic, as well as local spatial autocorrelation analysis, were employed to explore the clustering patterns and hotspot regions of gonorrhea at the county level. In the spatiotemporal scanning analysis, a Poisson distribution model was employed to identify clusters of gonorrhea cases. Results The reported incidence rates of gonorrhea in China decreased from 9.59 per 100 000 in 2018 to 7.35 per 100 000 in 2023, with an average annual percent change of -4.9%, but this decreasing trend was not statistically significant （P = 0.11）. The reported incidence rates of gonorrhea at the county level in China exhibited a significant positive global spatial autocorrelation, with the global Moran′s indices ranging from 0.39 to 0.60 （all P < 0.001）; the Getis-Ord general G test statistic Z（G） values were all greater than 1.96, indicating a high-value clustering pattern of gonorrhea cases. The local spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that hotspot regions were predominantly distributed in southeastern coastal areas and southwestern China. A total of 70 clusters were identified through the spatiotemporal scanning analysis, and mainly located in southeastern coastal areas and southwestern China. Conclusions In recent 6 years, the overall reported incidence rates of gonorrhea in China showed a fluctuating decline; there was a significant spatiotemporal clustering characteristic with regard to gonorrhea epidemic at the county level in China, and the hotspot regions were basically consistent with the spatiotemporal clusters, which were mainly distributed in southeastern coastal areas and southwestern China. Further investigation into the causes and precise prevention and control measures are needed.

【Abstract】 Ultraviolet phototherapy stands as a pivotal intervention in the management of vitiligo. To guide and standardize the application of ultraviolet phototherapy in the treatment of vitiligo, and to improve its efficacy and safety, the Dermatology Professional Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Society and the China Dermatologist Association organized Chinese experts in the fields of photomedicine and pigmentary disorders to formulate the “Guideline on phototherapy for vitiligo （2025 edition）” after thorough discussions based on the latest research progress in vitiligo phototherapy in China and other countries in recent years and the clinical experience of experts. This guideline comprehensively delineates core clinical considerations pertaining to phototherapy for vitiligo, including the therapeutic principles, contraindications, individualized phototherapy protocols, strategies for combination therapies, and management of adverse reactions, aiming to further improve the performance of phototherapy in the treatment of vitiligo in China.

【Abstract】 Red, blue, and yellow light therapy is a type of low-level light therapy commonly used in clinical practice. In recent years, with the development of photomedicine technology, safer and more effective red, blue, and yellow light therapy has been promoted and applied in the treatment of acne, androgenetic alopecia, skin wounds, herpes zoster, and other skin diseases. However, there is no unified standardized treatment protocol. In order to improve the efficacy and safety of the red, blue, and yellow light therapy, the Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Dermatology, the Chinese Society of Dermatology, and the Photomedicine Therapeutic Equipment Group, Committee on Skin Disease and Cosmetic Dermatology, China Association of Medical Equipment organized some experts to formulate the consensus based on Chinese and international literature and clinical guidelines, as well as the current clinical practice in China, aiming to propose specific recommendations for the standardized application of red, blue, and yellow light therapy in dermatology, and provide a reference for clinicians.

【Abstract】 Currently, childhood atopic dermatitis （AD） is mainly treated by regular use of moisturisers in combination with topical glucocorticoids or calcineurin inhibitors. For some children with refractory moderate-to-severe AD, systemic glucocorticoids or off-label use of other immunomodulators may be required; however, these treatments usually have some limitations and adverse effects. In recent years, with the discovery of key inflammatory factors in AD, dupilumab, a biological agent targeting interleukin-4/13, has been widely used in clinical practice, and shown certain efficacy. This review summarizes recent clinical studies on dupilumab in the treatment of AD in children.

【Abstract】 Telogen effluvium is the most common type of hair loss after coronavirus disease 2019. This review summarizes the literature on associations between coronavirus disease 2019 and telogen effluvium, as well as pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of telogen effluvium secondary to coronavirus disease 2019. Sharply increased stress, the body′s immune response, medications, and exacerbation of underlying diseases may be the main precipitating factors for telogen effluvium secondary to coronavirus disease 2019.

【Abstract】 Systemic lupus erythematosus is a classical autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs and systems. In 2023, a lot of new research progress was made in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. This review summarizes the major representative achievements.

【Abstract】 Atopic dermatitis （AD） is the most common chronic inflammatory disease in dermatology, often beginning in infancy. It can recur and persist into childhood and adolescence, severely affecting sleep, growth and development of children, impairing the quality of life of both the children and their families, and imposing significant social and economic burden. In recent years, the prevalence of AD among children in China has been rising. However, the diagnosis and treatment vary widely across different regions and medical institutions. Meanwhile, there is a lack of evidence?based medicine specific to Chinese children with AD in real?world settings, and the concepts and measures for chronic disease management of AD have not been widely established. To promote the establishment of specialized AD clinics in pediatric dermatology in China, enhance clinical diagnosis and treatment, standardize treatment processes, reduce the disease burden, and improve the quality of life of children and their families, the Group on Children, Chinese Society of Dermatology, the Dermatology and Venereology Group, Chinese Pediatric Society, Chinese Medical Association, the Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Dermatology, and the Pediatric Dermatology Group, China Dermatologist Association organized domestic experts for extensive surveys and discussions. Combining international guidelines with the situation in China, this consensus was formed to provide a reference for the construction of specialized AD clinics in pediatric dermatology in China, and enhance the capability to provide comprehensive care for children with AD throughout the entire disease course.

【Abstract】 During the coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） pandemic, widespread attention has been paid to the management of psoriasis, and more and more researchers have explored the relationships between psoriasis and COVID-19 from different perspectives. This review summarizes the impact of the use of biological agents on COVID-19 in patients with psoriasis, and the interaction between psoriasis and COVID-19, aiming to provide more reliable guidance on diagnosis and treatment of psoriasis for dermatologists and patients, and to provide a reference for future research.

【Abstract】 The pathogenesis of acne is still unclear. At present, studies have confirmed roles of transcription factors and receptors in the occurrence and development of acne. Toll-like receptors, insulin-like growth factors, androgen receptors are risk factors for acne, while vitamin D receptors, retinoic acid receptors, epidermal growth factors, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors are protective factors for acne, all of which are expected to be targets for prevention and treatment of acne. This review focuses on recent research progress in acne-related transcription factors and their receptors, in order to provide new directions for targeted therapy of acne.

【Abstract】 Non-infectious inflammatory disorders of the nail apparatus are common in clinical practice, which often cause abnormal color, shape and structure of the nail plate, including nail psoriasis, nail alopecia, nail lichen planus, nail eczema, etc. However, they are often difficult to diagnose due to the diversity of nail signs in the same disease and similarity of nail signs among different disorders. This review summarizes relationships between nail plate manifestations and systemic dermatoses, related differential diagnosis, and progress in diagnosis and treatment of non-infectious inflammatory nail diseases.

【Abstract】 Non-melanoma skin cancers （NMSCs） are a common type of malignant tumors including actinic keratosis （precancerous lesions）, Bowen's disease, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and extramammary Paget's disease. They pose significant health risks and their incidence rates have been increasing year by year. As one of the important treatment methods for NMSCs, aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy （ALA-PDT） can be applied throughout the entire treatment process to achieve comprehensive effects involving prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation, and has been widely applied in clinical practice. To provide evidence-based, practical, and standardized guidance for the clinical application of ALA-PDT in treating NMSCs, the Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Dermatology, the Chinese Association of Photodynamic Therapy and Rehabilitation, and the Photodynamic Therapy Cooperation Center, Chinese Society of Dermatology convened a panel of experts from relevant fields, and developed this consensus based on a thorough review of Chinese and international literature, existing consensus and guidelines, expert clinical experience, and the current status of diagnosis and treatment of NMSCs in China.