中华皮肤科杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (5): 426-434.doi: 10.35541/cjd.20230354
中国“一带一路”皮肤病专病联盟分枝杆菌病研究联盟
中国麻风防治协会皮肤性病检验与诊断分会
收稿日期:2023-06-19
修回日期:2024-02-04
发布日期:2024-04-30
通讯作者:
王洪生
E-mail:whs33@vip.sina.com
基金资助:Mycobacteriosis Research Group, China “Belt and Road” Dermatology Alliance; Division of Dermatology and STI Diagnosis, Chinese Association on Leprosy
Received:2023-06-19
Revised:2024-02-04
Published:2024-04-30
Contact:
Wang Hongsheng
E-mail:whs33@vip.sina.com
Supported by:摘要： 【摘要】 皮肤结核是由结核分枝杆菌复合群引起的慢性感染性皮肤病，临床表现多样，诊断困难，延误诊断可能导致皮肤与软组织损毁，其诊断需要综合临床、病理、实验室检查等指标综合判断。皮肤结核治疗疗程长且需要多种抗生素联合治疗，早期规范的诊疗是保证良好预后的关键。本共识在参考国内外皮肤结核与结核相关文献、指南基础上编写，旨在规范皮肤结核诊疗流程，提高皮肤结核的治疗效果。
中图分类号:
中国“一带一路”皮肤病专病联盟分枝杆菌病研究联盟 中国麻风防治协会皮肤性病检验与诊断分会. [开放获取] 中国皮肤结核临床诊疗专家共识（2024版）[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024,57(5):426-434. doi:10.35541/cjd.20230354
Mycobacteriosis Research Group, China “Belt and Road” Dermatology Alliance, Division of Dermatology and STI Diagnosis, Chinese Association on Leprosy. Expert consensus on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous tuberculosis in China （2024）[J]. Chinese Journal of Dermatology, 2024, 57(5): 426-434.doi:10.35541/cjd.20230354
| ［1］ | BayBay H, Senhaji I, Zinoun S, et al. Cutaneous tuberculosis in children from the northeastern region of Morocco［J］. Arch Pediatr, 2021,28（6）:491⁃495. doi: 10.1016/j.arcped.2021.04. 011. |
| ［2］ | Sethuraman G, Ramesh V. Cutaneous tuberculosis in children［J］. Pediatr Dermatol, 2013,30（1）:7⁃16. doi: 10.1111/j.1525⁃1470.2012.01794.x. |
| ［3］ | Zawirska A, Adamski Z, Stawicka E, et al. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma developing in lupus vulgaris exfoliativus persistent for 40 years［J］. Int J Dermatol, 2009,48（2）:125⁃127. doi: 10.1111/j.1365⁃4632.2009.03850.x. |
| ［4］ | World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2022［R/OL］. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022［2023⁃06⁃18］. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/363752/9789240061729⁃eng.pdf?sequence=1. |
| ［5］ | Kozińska M, Augustynowicz⁃Kopeć E, Gamian A, et al. Cutaneous and pulmonary tuberculosis⁃diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties in a patient with autoimmunity［J］. Pathogens, 2023,12（2）:331. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12020331. |
| ［6］ | Kivanç⁃Altunay I, Baysal Z, Ekmekçi TR, et al. Incidence of cutaneous tuberculosis in patients with organ tuberculosis［J］. Int J Dermatol, 2003,42（3）:197⁃200. doi: 10.1046/j.1365⁃4362.2003.01762.x. |
| ［7］ | Santos JB, Figueiredo AR, Ferraz CE, et al. Cutaneous tuberculosis: epidemiologic, etiopathogenic and clinical aspects ⁃ part I［J］. An Bras Dermatol, 2014,89（2）:219⁃228. doi: 10.1590/abd1806⁃4841.20142334. |
| ［8］ | Jiang H, Jin Y, Vissa V, et al. Molecular characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from cutaneous tuberculosis patients in China［J］. Acta Derm Venereol, 2017,97（4）:472⁃477. doi: 10.2340/00015555⁃2577. |
| ［9］ | Mei YM, Zhang WY, Sun JY, et al. Genomic characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates of cutaneous tuberculosis［J］. Front Microbiol, 2023,14:1165916. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023. 1165916. |
| ［10］ | Rahlwes KC, Dias B, Campos PC, et al. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis［J］. Virulence, 2023,14（1）:2150449. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150449. |
| ［11］ | Sia JK, Rengarajan J. Immunology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections［J］. Microbiol Spectr, 2019,7（4）:10.1128/microbiolspec. GPP3⁃0022⁃2018. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3⁃0022⁃2018. |
| ［12］ | Chandra P, Grigsby SJ, Philips JA. Immune evasion and provocation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis［J］. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2022,20（12）:750⁃766. doi: 10.1038/s41579⁃022⁃00763⁃4. |
| ［13］ | Flynn JL, Chan J. Immune cell interactions in tuberculosis［J］. Cell, 2022,185（25）:4682⁃4702. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.025. |
| ［14］ | Griffiths CEM, Barker J, Bleiker TO, et al. Rook′s textbook of dermatology［M］. New Jersey: Wiley⁃Blackwell, 2016. |
| ［15］ | Hill MK, Sanders CV. Cutaneous tuberculosis［J］. Microbiol Spectr, 2017,5（1）:10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7⁃0010⁃2016. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7⁃0010⁃2016. |
| ［16］ | Beyt BE Jr, Ortbals DW, Santa Cruz DJ, et al. Cutaneous mycobacteriosis: analysis of 34 cases with a new classification of the disease［J］. Medicine （Baltimore）, 1981,60（2）:95⁃109. |
| ［17］ | Bravo FG, Gotuzzo E. Cutaneous tuberculosis［J］. Clin Dermatol, 2007,25（2）:173⁃180. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.05.005. |
| ［18］ | Santos JB, Figueiredo AR, Ferraz CE, et al. Cutaneous tuberculosis: diagnosis, histopathology and treatment ⁃ partⅡ［J］. An Bras Dermatol, 2014,89（4）:545⁃555. doi: 10.1590/abd1806⁃4841.20142747. |
| ［19］ | Zhang J, Fan YK, Wang P, et al. Cutaneous tuberculosis in China ⁃ a multicentre retrospective study of cases diagnosed between 1957 and 2013［J］. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2018,32（4）:632⁃638. doi: 10.1111/jdv.14851. |
| ［20］ | Pandhi D, Reddy BS, Chowdhary S, et al. Cutaneous tuberculosis in Indian children: the importance of screening for involvement of internal organs［J］. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2004,18（5）:546⁃551. doi: 10.1111/j.1468⁃3083.2004.00970.x. |
| ［21］ | Kumar B, Rai R, Kaur I, et al. Childhood cutaneous tuberculosis: a study over 25 years from northern India［J］. Int J Dermatol, 2001,40（1）:26⁃32. doi: 10.1046/j.1365⁃4362.2001. 01165.x. |
| ［22］ | Mann D, Sant′Anna FM, Schmaltz C, et al. Cutaneous tuberculosis and HIV infection at a referral centre in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil［J］. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 2018,113（9）:e180184. doi: 10.1590/0074⁃02760180184. |
| ［23］ | Ben Jazia E, Hachfi W, Trimech M, et al. Detection of mycobacterial tuberculosis DNA in lichen scrofulosorum［J］. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2006,55（2 Suppl）:S54⁃55. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.08.048. |
| ［24］ | Chuang YH, Kuo TT, Wang CM, et al. Simultaneous occurrence of papulonecrotic tuberculide and erythema induratum and the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA by polymerase chain reaction［J］. Br J Dermatol, 1997,137（2）:276⁃281. doi: 10.1046/j.1365⁃2133.1997.18201916.x. |
| ［25］ | Vieites B, Suárez⁃Peñaranda JM, Pérez Del Molino ML, et al. Recovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in biopsies of erythema induratum⁃⁃results in a series of patients using an improved polymerase chain reaction technique［J］. Br J Dermatol, 2005,152（6）:1394⁃1396. doi: 10.1111/j.1365⁃2133. 2005.06650.x. |
| ［26］ | Kaul S, Jakhar D, Mehta S, et al. Cutaneous tuberculosis. PartⅡ: complications, diagnostic workup, histopathologic features, and treatment［J］. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2023,89（6）:1107⁃1119. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.12.064. |
| ［27］ | Barbagallo J, Tager P, Ingleton R, et al. Cutaneous tuberculosis: diagnosis and treatment［J］. Am J Clin Dermatol, 2002,3（5）:319⁃328. doi: 10.2165/00128071⁃200203050⁃00004. |
| ［28］ | Sharma S, Sehgal VN, Bhattacharya SN, et al. Clinicopathologic spectrum of cutaneous tuberculosis: a retrospective analysis of 165 Indians［J］. Am J Dermatopathol, 2015,37（6）:444⁃450. doi: 10.1097/DAD.0000000000000297. |
| ［29］ | Brito AC, Oliveira C, Unger DA, et al. Cutaneous tuberculosis: epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic update［J］. An Bras Dermatol, 2022,97（2）:129⁃144. doi: 10.1016/j.abd.2021. 07.004. |
| ［30］ | Kathuria P, Agarwal K, Koranne RV. The role of fine⁃needle aspiration cytology and Ziehl Neelsen staining in the diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis［J］. Diagn Cytopathol, 2006,34（12）:826⁃9. doi: 10.1002/dc.20534. |
| ［31］ | Rademaker M, Lowe DG, Munro DD. Erythema induratum （Bazin's disease）［J］. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1989,21（4 Pt 1）:740⁃5. doi: 10.1016/s0190⁃9622（89）70248⁃6. |
| ［32］ | Tirumalae R, Yeliur IK, Antony M, et al. Papulonecrotic tuberculid⁃clinicopathologic and molecular features of 12 Indian patients［J］. Dermatol Pract Concept, 2014,4（2）:17⁃22. doi: 10. 5826/dpc.0402a03. |
| ［33］ | 何翼君, 张浩然, 辛赫男, 等. 结核菌素皮肤试验的应用及其优化［J］. 中国防痨杂志, 2021,43（3）:204⁃210. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000⁃6621.2021.03.003. |
| ［34］ | 都伟欣, 赵爱华, 王国治, 等. 结核菌素类产品的发展历程概述［J］. 中国防痨杂志, 2019,41（10）:1080⁃1083. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000⁃6621.2019.10.003. |
| ［35］ | Ramam M, Malhotra A, Tejasvi T, et al. How useful is the Mantoux test in the diagnosis of doubtful cases of cutaneous tuberculosis?［J］. Int J Dermatol, 2011,50（11）:1379⁃1382. doi: 10.1111/j.1365⁃4632.2011.04971.x. |
| ［36］ | Ramesh V, Gupta J. Cutaneous tuberculosis of the pinna［J］. Int J Dermatol, 2021,60（3）:363⁃367. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15249. |
| ［37］ | Nayak S, Acharjya B. Mantoux test and its interpretation［J］. Indian Dermatol Online J, 2012,3（1）:2⁃6. doi: 10.4103/2229⁃5178.93479. |
| ［38］ | Zhou G, Luo Q, Luo S, et al.Interferon⁃γ release assays or tuberculin skin test for detection and management of latent tuberculosis infection: a systematic review and meta⁃analysis ［J］. Lancet Infect Dis, 2020,20（12）:1457⁃1469. doi: 10.1016/S1473⁃3099（20）30276⁃0. |
| ［39］ | Santin M, García⁃García JM, Domínguez J, et al. Guidelines for the use of interferon⁃γ release assays in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection［J］. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 2016,34（5）:303.e1⁃13. doi: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.11.022. |
| ［40］ | Chen Y, Jiang H, Zhang W, et al. Diagnostic value of T⁃SPOT.TB test in cutaneous mycobacterial infections［J］. Acta Derm Venereol, 2018,98（10）:989⁃990. doi: 10.2340/00015555⁃3011. |
| ［41］ | Tebruegge M, Connell T, Ritz N, et al. Discordance between TSTs and IFN⁃gamma release assays: the role of NTM and the relevance of mycobacterial sensitins［J］. Eur Respir J, 2010,36（1）:214⁃215; author reply 215⁃216. doi: 10.1183/09031936. 00025510. |
| ［42］ | Siegel S, Cavanaugh M, Ku JH, et al. Specificity of QuantiFERON⁃TB Plus, a new⁃generation interferon gamma release assay［J］. J Clin Microbiol, 2018,56（12）:e00629⁃18. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00629⁃18. |
| ［43］ | Pan L, Jia H, Liu F, et al. Risk factors for false⁃negative T⁃SPOT.TB assay results in patients with pulmonary and extra⁃pulmonary TB［J］. J Infect, 2015,70（4）:367⁃380. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.12.018. |
| ［44］ | 中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会. 肺结核诊断标准（WS 288⁃2017）［J］. 新发传染病电子杂志, 2018,3（1）:59⁃61. doi: 10.3877/j.issn.2096⁃2738.2018.01.017. |
| ［45］ | Almaguer⁃Chávez J, Ocampo⁃Candiani J, Rendón A. Current panorama in the diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis［J］. Actas Dermosifiliogr, 2009,100（7）:562⁃570. |
| ［46］ | Pfyffer GE, Wittwer F. Incubation time of mycobacterial cultures: how long is long enough to issue a final negative report to the clinician?［J］. J Clin Microbiol, 2012,50（12）:4188⁃4189. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02283⁃12. |
| ［47］ | Dong B, He Z, Li Y, et al. Improved conventional and new approaches in the diagnosis of tuberculosis［J］. Front Microbiol, 2022,13:924410. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.924410. |
| ［48］ | Said HM, Kock MM, Ismail NA, et al. Comparison between the BACTEC MGIT 960 system and the agar proportion method for susceptibility testing of multidrug resistant tuberculosis strains in a high burden setting of South Africa［J］. BMC Infect Dis, 2012,12:369. doi: 10.1186/1471⁃2334⁃12⁃369. |
| ［49］ | Kassaza K, Orikiriza P, Llosa A, et al. Lowenstein⁃Jensen selective medium for reducing contamination in Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture［J］. J Clin Microbiol, 2014,52（7）:2671⁃2673. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00749⁃14. |
| ［50］ | Butler WR, Guthertz LS. Mycolic acid analysis by high⁃performance liquid chromatography for identification of Mycobacterium species［J］. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2001,14（4）:704⁃726, table of contents. doi: 10.1128/CMR.14.4.704⁃726.2001. |
| ［51］ | Wu X, Tan G, Yang J, et al. Prediction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance by nucleotide MALDI⁃TOF⁃MS［J］. Int J Infect Dis, 2022,121:47⁃54. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04. 061. |
| ［52］ | Robinne S, Saad J, Morsli M, et al. Rapid identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex using mass spectrometry: a proof of concept［J］. Front Microbiol, 2022,13:753969. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.753969. |
| ［53］ | Gholoobi A, Masoudi⁃Kazemabad A, Meshkat M, et al. Comparison of culture and PCR methods for diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in different clinical specimens［J］. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 2014,7（2）:e8939. doi: 10.5812/jjm. 8939. |
| ［54］ | Tan SH, Tan BH, Goh CL, et al. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA using polymerase chain reaction in cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculids［J］. Int J Dermatol, 1999,38（2）:122⁃127. doi: 10.1046/j.1365⁃4362.1999.00576.x. |
| ［55］ | Agarwal P, Singh EN, Agarwal US, et al. The role of DNA polymerase chain reaction, culture and histopathology in the diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis［J］. Int J Dermatol, 2017,56（11）:1119⁃1124. doi: 10.1111/ijd.13708. |
| ［56］ | 严慧, 朱庆义. 聚合酶链反应鉴定结核分枝杆菌常用靶基因序列的研究进展［J］. 中华临床实验室管理电子杂志, 2016,4（3）:159⁃163. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095⁃5820.2016.03.007. |
| ［57］ | Makeshkumar V, Madhavan R, Narayanan S. Polymerase chain reaction targeting insertion sequence for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis［J］. Indian J Med Res, 2014,139（1）:161⁃166. |
| ［58］ | Tan SH, Tan HH, Sun YJ, et al. Clinical utility of polymerase chain reaction in the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in different types of cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculids［J］. Ann Acad Med Singap, 2001,30（1）:3⁃10. |
| ［59］ | World Health Organization. Xpert MTB/RIF implementation manual: technical and operational ′how⁃to′; practical considerations［M/OL］. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014［2023⁃06⁃18］. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/112469/9789241506700_eng.pdf?sequence=1. |
| ［60］ | Mekkaoui L, Hallin M, Mouchet F, et al. Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for diagnosis of pulmonary and extra⁃pulmonary tuberculosis, one year of use in a multi⁃centric hospital laboratory in Brussels, Belgium［J/OL］. PLoS One, 2021,16（4）:e0249734. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249734. |
| ［61］ | Denkinger CM, Schumacher SG, Boehme CC, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta⁃analysis［J］. Eur Respir J, 2014,44（2）:435⁃446. doi:10.1183/09031936.00007814. |
| ［62］ | Lawn SD, Zumla AI. Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis using the Xpert® MTB/RIF assay［J］. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2012,10（6）:631⁃635. doi: 10.1586/eri.12.43. |
| ［63］ | Sun W, Lu Z, Yan L. Clinical efficacy of metagenomic next⁃generation sequencing for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in smear⁃negative extrapulmonary specimens in a high tuberculosis burden area［J］. Int J Infect Dis, 2021,103:91⁃96. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.165. |
| ［64］ | Chen P, Sun W, He Y. Comparison of metagenomic next⁃generation sequencing technology, culture and GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis［J］. J Thorac Dis, 2020,12（8）:4014⁃4024. doi: 10.21037/jtd⁃20⁃1232. |
| ［65］ | 中华医学会, 中华医学会杂志社, 中华医学会全科医学分会, 等. 肺结核基层诊疗指南（实践版·2018）［J］. 中华全科医师杂志, 2019,18（8）:718⁃722. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671⁃7368. 2019.08.003. |
| ［66］ | Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug⁃susceptible tuberculosis［J］. Clin Infect Dis, 2016,63（7）:e147⁃e195. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw376. |
| ［67］ | World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment ⁃ drug⁃susceptible tuberculosis treatment［M/OL］. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022.［2023⁃06⁃18］. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/353829/ 9789240048126⁃eng.pdf?sequence=1. |
| ［68］ | World Health Organization. Dose optimization of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in the treatment of drug⁃susceptible tuberculosis［EB/OL］. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022.［2023⁃06⁃18］. https://www.who.int/docs/default⁃source/hq⁃tuberculosis/dose⁃optimization⁃concept⁃note.pdf?sfvrsn=934ab3e2_2. |
| ［69］ | 中国疾病预防控制中心结核病预防控制中心. 中国结核病防治工作技术指南（2021年版）［M］. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2022. |
| ［70］ | Mei Y, Zhang W, Shi Y, et al. Cutaneous tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections at a national specialized hospital in China［J］. Acta Derm Venereol, 2019,99（11）:997⁃1003. doi: 10.2340/00015555⁃3283. |
| ［71］ | Singal A, Kaur I, Jakhar D, et al. Clinicoepidemiological characteristics of cutaneous tuberculosis in 1458 Indian patients: a retrospective analytical study from a tertiary care center［J］. Int J Dermatol, 2022,61（8）:1012⁃1022. doi: 10.1111/ijd.16267. |
| ［72］ | Ranawaka RR, Abeygunasekara PH, Perera E, et al. Clinico⁃histopathological correlation and the treatment response of 20 patients with cutaneous tuberculosis［J］. Dermatol Online J, 2010,16（8）:13. |
| ［73］ | World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents［M/OL］. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022［2023⁃06⁃18］. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/352522/9789240046764⁃eng.pdf?sequence=1. |
| ［74］ | 中华医学会结核病学分会. 老年肺结核诊断与治疗专家共识（2023版）［J］. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2023,46（11）:1068⁃1084. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112147⁃20230921⁃00182. |
| ［75］ | van Zyl L, du Plessis J, Viljoen J. Cutaneous tuberculosis overview and current treatment regimens［J］. Tuberculosis （Edinb）, 2015,95（6）:629⁃638. doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.12.006. |
| ［76］ | World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on drug⁃resistant tuberculosis treatment［M］. Geneva:World Health Organization, 2019. |
| ［77］ | 中华医学会结核病学分会. 中国耐多药和利福平耐药结核病治疗专家共识（2019年版）［J］. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2019,42（10）:733⁃749. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001⁃0939.2019.10. 006. |
| [1] | 张元文 孙从乾 潘文东. 肉毒毒素在皮肤科的超适应证临床应用[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024, 57(5): 471-475. |
| [2] | 中华医学会皮肤性病学分会 中国医师协会皮肤科医师分会 中国中西医结合学会皮肤性病专业委员会 . [开放获取] 中国化学剥脱术临床应用专家共识（公众版2024版）[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024, 0(5): 20230620-e20230620. |
| [3] | 张玉丽 季双双 石秀艳 孟宪敏 刘文慧 王冲. 儿童面部获得性色素沉着斑7例[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024, 57(5): 458-460. |
| [4] | 陈虎艳 王磊 刘伊雯 周君浩 曹蕾. 安罗替尼治疗皮肤血管肉瘤1例[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024, 57(5): 462-463. |
| [5] | 胡梦瑶 李敏 陈思涵 魏雪翠 陈宇杰 徐松 陈旭. 角质形成细胞表达的S100A8/A9在3种常见皮肤炎症损伤模式中调控效应差异的研究[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024, 57(5): 435-444. |
| [6] | 《乳房外Paget病诊治专家共识（版）》编写委员会专家组. [开放获取] 乳房外Paget病诊治专家共识（2024版）[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024, 57(5): 400-408. |
| [7] | 中国医师协会皮肤科医师分会. [开放获取] 慢性瘙痒管理指南（2024版）[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024, 57(5): 387-399. |
| [8] | Michèle Verschoore 牛悦青 Stéphane Commo Léopold Muller 魏宇昊 甄雅贤 刘玮. [开放获取] 中华医学会-欧莱雅中国人健康皮肤/毛发研究项目成果总结——皮肤篇[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024, 57(5): 464-467. |
| [9] | 中国医师协会皮肤科医师分会 中国中西医结合学会皮肤性病学分会. 红皮病型银屑病诊疗中国专家共识（2024版）[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024, 57(5): 409-417. |
| [10] | 中国中西医结合学会皮肤性病学分会真菌学组 中国耐药皮肤癣菌病诊治与防控工作组. [开放获取] 中国耐药皮肤癣菌感染诊治与防控专家共识（2024版）[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024, 57(5): 418-425. |
| [11] | 侯晓媛 吴南辉 徐明圆 刘业强. JAK抑制剂巴瑞替尼治疗环状肉芽肿1例[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024, 57(5): 461-462. |
| [12] | 田静 邓思思 宋志强. 特应性与非特应性结节性痒疹患者临床特征比较[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024, 57(4): 331-337. |
| [13] | 王艺萌 吴雯婷 张倩 张春雷 李薇薇. 肛周外生殖器部位原发性实性肿瘤389例临床和病理诊断分析[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024, 57(4): 316-323. |
| [14] | 严汝帆 廖洁月 郭子瑜 姚南 周文玉 罗帅寒天 张桂英 赵明. 天疱疮发病机制和靶向治疗的研究进展[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024, 57(4): 374-378. |
| [15] | 刘祎 曲莹 雷文知 刘晓刚 潘炜华 张超. 食盐封包法治疗化脓性肉芽肿25例临床观察[J]. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2024, 0(4): 20230553-e20230553. |
|
