| ［1］ |
Tamega Ade A, Miot LD, Bonfietti C, et al. Clinical patterns and epidemiological characteristics of facial melasma in Brazilian women［J］. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2013, 27（2）: 151⁃156. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468⁃3083.2011.04430.x.
|
| ［2］ |
Handel AC, Lima PB, Tonolli VM, et al. Risk factors for facial melasma in women: a case⁃control study［J］. Br J Dermatol, 2014, 171（3）: 588⁃594. DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13059.
|
| ［3］ |
Hexsel D, Arellano I, Rendon M. Ethnic considerations in the treatment of Hispanic and Latin⁃American patients with hyperpig⁃mentation［J］. Br J Dermatol, 2006, 156（Suppl 1）: 7⁃12. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365⁃2133.2006.07589.x.
|
| ［4］ |
KrupaShankar DS, Somani VK, Kohli M, et al. A cross⁃sectional, multicentric clinico⁃epidemiological study of melasma in India［J］. Dermatol Ther （Heidelb）, 2014, 4（1）: 71⁃81. DOI: 10.1007/s13555⁃014⁃0046⁃1.
|
| ［5］ |
Kim EH, Kim YC, Lee ES, et al. The vascular characteristics of melasma［J］. J Dermatol Sci, 2007, 46（2）: 111⁃116. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.01.009.
|
| ［6］ |
Lim HW, Hönigsmann H, Hawk JLM. 光皮肤病学［M］. 吴艳, 刘玮, 主译. 北京: 科学出版社, 2009: 83⁃86.
|
|
Lim HW, Hönigsmann H, Hawk JLM. Photodermatology［M］. Wu Y, Liu W, translator. Beijing: Science Press, 2009: 83⁃86.
|
| ［7］ |
宋秀祖, 许爱娥. 黄褐斑：表皮屏障与黑素屏障失衡［J］. 国际皮肤性病学杂志, 2012, 38（5）: 310⁃312. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673⁃4173.2012.05.013.
|
|
Song XZ, Xu AE. Melasma: the imbalance between epidermal barrier and melanin barrier［J］. Int J Dermatol Venereol, 2012, 38（5）: 310⁃312. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673⁃4173.2012.05.013.
|
| ［8］ |
Pandya A, Berneburg M, Ortonne JP, et al. Guidelines for clinical trials in melasma. Pigmentation disorders academy［J］. Br J Dermatol, 2006, 156（Suppl 1）: 21⁃28. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365⁃2133.2006.07590.x.
|
| ［9］ |
顾华, 罗雯, 刘付华, 等. 无创性皮肤测试在黄褐斑临床分型中的应用及意义［J］. 皮肤病与性病, 2012, 34（2）: 69⁃70, 76. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002⁃1310.2012.02.003.
|
|
Gu H, Luo W, Liu FH, et al. The application of non⁃invasive physiometry in different clinical type of melasma and its clinical significance［J］. J Dermatol Venereol, 2012, 34（2）: 69⁃70, 76. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002⁃1310.2012.02.003.
|
| ［10］ |
李芸, 刘洁, 孙秋宁. 黄褐斑的皮肤镜学特征［J］. 中国医学科学院学报, 2015, 37（2）: 226⁃229. DOI: 10.3881/j.issn.1000⁃503X.2015.02.015.
|
|
Li Y, Liu J, Sun QN. Characteristic dermoscopic features of melasma［J］. Acta Acad Med Sin, 2015, 37（2）: 226⁃229. DOI: 10.3881/j.issn.1000⁃503X.2015.02.015.
|
| ［11］ |
赵广, 杨庆琪. 黄褐斑发病危险因素的多因素分析及预防对策［J］. 实用皮肤病学杂志, 2008, 1（2）: 84⁃86. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674⁃1293.2008.02.008.
|
|
Zhao G, Yamg QQ. Risk factors and prevention strategy for melasma［J］. J Pract Dermatol, 2008, 1（2）: 84⁃86. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674⁃1293.2008.02.008.
|
| ［12］ |
黄晓凤, 王银娟, 郭美华, 等. 旁氏无暇透白日霜改善黄褐斑及其皮肤屏障功能的疗效观察［J］. 皮肤病与性病, 2014, 36（3）: 125⁃128. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002⁃1310.2014.03.001.
|
|
Huang XF, Wang YJ, Guo MH, et al. Clinical observation on the curative effects of POND′S Ultra Luminous Day Cream in improving symptoms and skin barrier function of patients with melasma［J］. J Dermatol Venereol, 2014, 36（3）: 125⁃133. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002⁃1310.2014.03.001.
|
| ［13］ |
Rodrigues M, Pandya AG. Melasma: clinical diagnosis and management options［J］. Australas J Dermatol, 2015, 56（3）: 151⁃163. DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12290.
|
| ［14］ |
Hu ZM, Zhou Q, Lei TC, et al. Effects of hydroquinone and its glucoside derivatives on melanogenesis and antioxidation: Biosafety as skin whitening agents［J］. J Dermatol Sci, 2009, 55（3）: 179⁃184. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.06.003.
|
| ［15］ |
徐媛媛, 杨振海, 吴严, 等. 果酸产品治疗女性黄褐斑的疗效及安全性［J］. 中国美容医学, 2012, 21（11）: 1544⁃1546. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008⁃6455.2012.11.037.
|
|
Xu YY, Yang ZH, Wu Y, et al. The efficacy and safety of glycolic acid in female melasma［J］. Chin J Aesth Med, 2012, 21（11）: 1544⁃1546. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008⁃6455.2012.11.037.
|
| ［16］ |
中华医学会皮肤性病学分会皮肤美容学组. 果酸化学剥脱术临床应用专家共识［J］. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2014, 47（10）: 748⁃749. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412⁃4030.2014.10.023.
|
|
Cosmetic Dermatology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology. Consensus for the clinical application of fruit acid chemexfoliation［J］. Chin J Dermatol, 2014, 47（10）: 748⁃749. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412⁃4030.2014.10.023.
|
| ［17］ |
Zhong SM, Sun N, Liu HX, et al. Reduction of facial pigmentation of melasma by topical lignin peroxidase: a novel fast⁃acting skin⁃lightening agent［J］. Exp Ther Med, 2015, 9（2）: 341⁃344. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2118.
|
| ［18］ |
Handog EB, Galang DA, de Leon⁃Godinez MA, et al. A randomized, double⁃blind, placebo⁃controlled trial of oral procyanidin with vitamins A, C, E for melasma among Filipino women［J］. Int J Dermatol, 2009, 48（8）: 896⁃901. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365⁃4632.2009.04130.x.
|
| ［19］ |
Na JI, Choi SY, Yang SH, et al. Effect of tranexamic acid on melasma: a clinical trial with histological evaluation［J］. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2013, 27（8）: 1035⁃1039. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468⁃3083.2012.04464.x.
|
| ［20］ |
Zhou X, Gold MH, Lu Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of Q⁃switched 1,064⁃nm neodymium⁃doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser treatment of melasma［J］. Dermatol Surg, 2011, 37（7）: 962⁃970. DOI: 10.1111/j.1524⁃4725.2011.02001.x.
|
| ［21］ |
栾琪, 刘玲, 高天文. 激光和强脉冲光治疗黄褐斑的进展［J］. 中华皮肤科杂志, 2015, 48（2）: 142⁃143. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412⁃4030.2015.02.023.
|
|
Luan Q, Liu L, Gao TW. Laser and intense pulsed light for the treatment of chloasma［J］. Chin J Dermatol, 2015, 48（2）: 142⁃143. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412⁃4030.2015.02.023.
|
